Lyophilization (freeze-drying) is not inherently a sterilization method, although it can contribute to the preservation of materials and may help maintain the sterility of a product if performed under sterile conditions. Sterilization refers to the complete destruction or removal of all viable microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, from a surface, environment, or substance. […]
Glossary
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Tag: viruses
Antigens
Antigens are molecules or substances that are recognized by the immune system as foreign or non-self. These can include proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and other molecular structures present on the surface of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Antigens can also be found on the surface of transplanted tissues or cells from another organism. […]
Antibody
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens. Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells or neutralizing their effects directly. Antibodies […]
Phages
Phages, short for bacteriophages, are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. They are composed of a protein capsid that encloses their genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA. Phages have a specific host range, meaning they can infect only certain types or strains of bacteria. The life cycle of a phage typically […]